Decentralised governance - Newspaper - DAWN.COM Electoral Systems and Conflict in Divided Societies This is due in part to the many people with influence both inside and outside of the bureaucracy who benefit from this corruption and inefficiency, as well as the broader perception that the bureaucratic function of providing jobs is just as important, if not more important, as the provision of services. Local Government Reforms In Pakistan: Context, Content And Causes Ali Cheema, Asim Ijaz Khwaja and Adnan Qadir* 1. It is therefore conceivable that a constituency of politicians could be created to support the establishment of an effective and transparent merit-based appointments system. Zaidi, S. Akbar (1991)., “Effective Local Level Delivery of Human Resources: Development Related Programs” - The case of Pakistan, Mimeo UNESCAP, Bangkok, 1991. Decentraliza tion in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes . This is best illustrated by the nearly three decades of direct military rule since independence and indirect rule by the civil and military bureaucracies for much of the rest of Pakistan’s history. But once in power, they want to stay. They’ve monopolized policymaking.23. This page was processed by aws-apollo1 in. We argue here that the design of the local government reforms in these contexts becomes endogenous to the centralization objectives of the non-representative centre. The role of a local government official 35 Case Study 2: Moving from government to the concept of governance: The role of a civil society activist 37 Case Study 3: Balancing comparability with local relevance: The role of a representative from a local government association 39 Case Study 4: Ensuring uptake of assessment findings in local policy . Decentralization, Local Government Elections and Voter ... - Page 30 Several interviewees for this study criticized donors for overly technocratic approaches and for pushing for changes without investing sufficiently in understanding the social, cultural and political contexts within which the civil service functions. The quota policy provides for only 10 percent of new recruits at the national level to be selected purely on the basis of merit, and the rest according to their standing within their province/region.37 The desire for public administration reforms to promote merit-based recruitment has therefore been balanced with the political importance and sensitivity of ethnically-based recruitment quotas. Over time, the effect is compounded. Found inside – Page 982006. Chapter 8: Local government reforms in Pakistan: context, content, and causes, Pranab Bardhan & Dilip Mookherjee (eds.), Decentralization and Local Governance in Developing Countries: A Comparative Perspective, Cambridge, MA: MIT. The officer levels fear the introduction of merit- or performance-based promotions systems that would do away with the current system of near-automatic promotions based on length of service rather than performance and merit. The reinventing of the machinery of government refers to the processes and limitations of the structures between the various agencies and departments that were created through the administration of policies and laws. 31, No. Analyzing the evolution of local government reforms in The Role of Politics in Pakistan's Economy | JIA SIPA It will be interesting to see how the bureaucracy responds to it now. The PPP Government's economic performance has to be examined in the context of the 'New' Pakistan that it inherited from the Ayub and Yahya regimes in December 1971. "Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes" (with A. Cheema, LUMS and A. Qadir, Pakistan Administrative Staff College), Decentralization and Local Governance in Developing Countries: A Comparative Perspective, D. Mookherjee and P. Bardhan ed., MIT Press, July 2006. In Decentralization And Local Governance In Developing Countries: A Comparative Perspective. 24 Pakistani academic, interview by author, Lahore, 12 April 2008. What is the link between inequality and poverty? What can governments do to alleviate poverty and inequality? Does economic growth reduce poverty in the long run? These are some important research questions that are addressed in this book. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the key legal concepts including the constitution, system of governance and the general legislative process; the main sources of law; the court structure and hierarchy; the judiciary and its appointment; the general rules of civil and criminal litigation, including reporting restrictions, evidentiary requirements, the roles of the judge and counsel . Asghar Qadir - Google Scholar Analysis of the health care system of Pakistan: lessons ... Dealing with requests related to jobs, postings and transfers wastes inordinate amounts of time, and forces one to spend the day entertaining people, serving them tea and lying to them. 2 The peacemaking efforts of the UN in Afghanistan are divided into two phases; Geneva negotiations and post-Geneva peace making. Conflict analysis. The local government is one of the vital organs of the state through which programs of development are formulated and implemented for the community. Russia and China have become critical allies to Latin America and the Caribbean during the pandemic. 23 Political party leader, interview by author, Peshawar, 16 April 2008. PDF Local approaches to preventing violent extremism in Pakistan It is hoped that analyzing the Pakistani experience will help shed light on the positive political economy question of why non-representative regimes have been willing proponents of decentralization to the local level. LOCAL GOVT IN PAKISTAN (1947 - 1958) The system of local government inherited by Pakistan in 1947 was a product of a series of British efforts made from time to time through reforms, laws and commissions, to promote local institutions autonomous in certain respects but substantially under the control of the provincial government through . Found insideThe Logic of Local Democracy in the Developing World Anjali Thomas Bohlken. Senatorial Elections. ... Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes. In P. K. Bardhan & D. Mookherjee (Eds.) Decentralization and Local ... The rapid politicization of the civil service quickly followed. The reforms intended at bringing in larger . Federalism and Decentralization in Health Care: A Decision ... 35 Fakhr Imam, former Minister of Education, and Chairman of the Commission for Administrative Restructuring, interview by author, Lahore, 17 December 2005. What is a peacebuilder? This book takes stock of some major issues regarding fiscal decentralization, including expenditure and revenue assignments, transfer programs, and sustainability of local government finances, and develops important findings and policy ... The study has identified major causes i.e Political, Social, Administrative and mismanagement of resources and rampant corruption, which have severely paralyzed the governance system at local government level of Pakistan. 27 Retired senior civil servant, interview by author, Islamabad, 14 December 2005. To do this they need legitimacy and do things like hold referendums. Experience - M. Fathima Beevi local government, authority to determine and execute measures within a restricted area inside and smaller than a whole state.Some degree of local government characterizes every country in the world, although the degree is extremely significant. Country Context III. Politically, however, the interplay of religious . Also famous as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, the Act consisted of reforms advised in the report of the Viceroy, Lord Chemlsford and the Secretary of State for India . 26 While the private sector generally pays more than the public sector in most countries, in developing countries like Pakistan it is important that the officer ranks of the civil service be able to compete with the private sector for the relatively small numbers of well-educated graduates. It focuses on the conflict profile (its history), the actors involved and their perspectives, the causes of conflict, and the dynamics of how these elements interact. We have determined and certify pursuant to the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act, 2 U.S.C. There was resistance against this provision back then from the bureaucracy, as Ali Cheema, Asim Ijaz Khwaja and Adnan Qadir have noted in a paper, Local Government Reforms In Pakistan: Context, Content And Causes. This was reported to be the case with regard to pension reform which, according to several interviewees, the military strongly resisted.44 But the power and influence of the military means that it can also play a major role in promoting reforms. Protecting People: Social Protection and Basic Services Pillar 3. share on: Facebook Twitter Google +. Kennedy, 188. 2 For a more detailed account of the concern that U.S. foreign aid will fuel corruption, see Jane Perlez, “U.S. 3 This paper is based primarily on information collected through interviews conducted in Pakistan with approximately 60 senior civil servants, politicians, academics, journalists and bilateral and multilateral donor representatives. 3.3 Local government reduces the centralization of power in the central government. 4 (1969), 239-254. For similar reasons, both civilian and military rulers want the political benefits of being able to provide jobs in the bureaucracy as patronage and to ensure that, in a bureaucracy that is resistant to change, they have their loyalists in key positions to promote their policies. From 1947 to 1971 the civilian bureaucracy played the dominant role in Pakistan’s policymaking and as such was insufficiently controlled or influenced by elected politicians. The first round of interviews was conducted in November-December 2005 and the last round in April 2008. Find content in Health Topics. As the following quote demonstrates, he was particularly vocal in castigating the civil service and blaming it for many of the country’s ills: No institution in the country has so lowered the quality of our national life as to what is called Naukarshahi [bureaucratic rule]. the election to local governments and promulgation of a local government ordinance. International Cooperation in an Age of Technological Competition, Balancing Post-COVID-19 Economic Growth with Renewable Energy Development in Oil-producing African Economies: Nigeria in Perspective. It covers the period from 2001 to 2003 during which the local governments went through the teething phases. See also Saeed Shafqat, “Pakistani Bureaucracy: Crisis of Governance and Prospects of Reform,” Pakistan Development Review 38, no. Niazi, M. A. This paper provides a description of the recent decentralization reforms in Pakistan under General Musharraf. 45 Senior civil servant, interview by author, Islamabad, 14 December 2005. Articles were reviewed through a The importance of local government elections and the issue of reinstatement of local government system in . Found inside – Page 357Local Government Institution in Nepal: Status and Challenges'. ... Decentralization in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes. ... New Local Government Reforms in Pakistan–A Way Forward Towards Inducing Social Change. The researcher in this research paper used secondary source of information and observations. But for Islamabad and Washington, Pakistan's . In July 1974, an Urdu daily in Lahore identified one hundred senior civil service political appointees who were close relatives and associates of ministers in Bhutto’s cabinet.13 More recently, this politicization is vividly demonstrated before and after elections when thousands of civil servants are posted or transferred to serve the wishes of their political masters. Found inside – Page 319“Local Government Reform in Pakistan: Context, Content, and Causes.” In Decentralization and Local Governance in Developing Countries: A Comparative Perspective, ed. Pranab Bardhan and Dilip Mookherjee, 257–84. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Keywords. Applied Economic Research Centre (AERC) (1990). 3.2 It allows for popular participation in politics. It analyses the process of devolution by looking at its political, All rights reserved. Meaning of Administrative Reform: Human behaviour, outlook, attitude and many others are constantly changing and the impact of changes falls upon society in general and upon administration in particular. Rev. ed. of: Indonesia edited by Frederica M. Bunge, 4th ed. 1983. Economic and social outcomes in Pakistan over the last sixty years are a mixture of paradoxes. Employment is the number one demand placed on politicians from their constituents in a patron-client system, and its political importance has been one of the major obstacles blocking several public administration reform initiatives. 4 Part II (Winter 1999), 995-1017. Shahid Javed Burki has convincingly argued that Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s attempts to undermine the power of the civil service had the unintended consequence of contributing to his downfall by weakening the very institution that subsequently needed to deliver services to the people.43 Parallels could be drawn with current ambitious plans to use foreign aid to significantly expand the delivery of services by the government, but with inadequate attention being given to addressing the declining capacity of the civil service to manage this expansion. Greater support can also be generated by shifting the rationale for reform away from budgetary considerations that prioritize cost-cutting measures such as downsizing, which will inevitably generate internal resistance to reform. Rightsizing—The need for greater efficiency and affordability through rightsizing (most feasibly through natural attrition) of the large number of government employees in the relatively unproductive subordinate services (grades one to sixteen). Anjum, Zulqarnain Hussain (2001) “The Pakistan Development Review”, 40 : 4 Part II (Winter 2001) pp. It is the executive, supported by the bureaucracy, that typically initiates legislation, often bypassing the National Assembly altogether by promulgating presidential ordinances.6 The major change that has taken place over time is that the power and influence of the civilian bureaucracy has increasingly been replaced by the power and influence of the military. the legal rules, or a very biased enforcement of the rules. Greater accountability—The need to strengthen internal and external accountability mechanisms to address widespread corruption within the bureaucracy. We highlight major aspects of this reform and analyze its evolution in a historical context to better understand potential causes behind this current decentralization. Siddiqui, K. (1992). For an institution that has historically had considerable public support, this growing anti-military sentiment seems to have convinced the current army leadership that its interests would be better served by a role behind the scenes rather than by taking the brunt of public criticism in a front and center role. He also wanted the power to remove civil servants without any reasons given.17, Reversing the Militarization of the Bureaucracy. JEL. Local approaches to preventing violent extremism in Pakistan. For example, a recurring theme in the interviews regarding civil service reform was the necessity of having specific reforms personally backed by the president, or in some cases the prime minister, if they were to have any chance of moving through the system and being implemented. 285 Philip E. Keefer, Ambar Narayan, and Tara Vishwanath 10 Decentralization and Local Governance in China's Economic Found inside – Page 73... Khwaja, and Qadir, 'Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes', in D. Mookherjee and P. Bardhan (eds), Decentralization and Local Governance in Developing Countries: A Comparative Perspective (2006). The measure promoted by Bhutto that was to have the most far-reaching and damaging consequences for the effectiveness and integrity of the civil service, however, was the 1973 Constitution’s redaction of the protection that had been afforded to the civil service in previous constitutions. 3.2 It allows for popular participation in politics. They were never intended to be democratic institutions that transferred power to elected representatives, but rather were designed to help legitimize and strengthen the authority of the bureaucratic state.5 The power imbalance between the very strong bureaucratic institutions that Pakistan inherited from colonial India and the very weak representative and democratic institutions has been one of the greatest causes of political instability in Pakistan since its independence. Less than three months after coming to power, Bhutto sent a clear message of who was in charge by compulsorily retiring approximately 1,300 civil service officers. Governance, Economic Policy and Reform in Pakistan: AbdusSamad The word governance has its origin in Greek and it means to steer. With the partition of its eastern wing, Pakistan had undergone a political, social and economic transformation and the economy was in poor shape, accompanied as it was by the . Nazrul and M. Mohabbat Khan (1997)., “Urban Local Governance in Pakistan,: Urban Governance in Bangladesh and Pakistan”, Centre for Urban Studies, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1997. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of political science, comparative politics, international relations, political economy and democratic theory, as well as general readers interested in politics and current events. A former finance secretary stated that a public information campaign would be timely, seeing as the public perception of the civil service was changing: “In the 1970s the bureaucracy was viewed as very high-handed and the public and the press wanted their powers curbed. A Small Government Agency Plan is not required. Suggested Citation, D.H.A, Lahore CanttLahore, Punjab 54792Pakistan, 79 John F. Kennedy StreetCambridge, MA 02138United States617-384-7790 (Phone)617-496-5960 (Fax), Via Real Collegio, 30Moncalieri, Turin 10024Italy, Duke UniversityDurham, NC 90097United States, 1050 Massachusetts AvenueCambridge, MA 02138United States, Houghton StreetLondon, WC2A 2AEUnited Kingdom, John F. Kennedy School of Government Faculty Research Working Paper Series, Subscribe to this free journal for more curated articles on this topic, Islamic Law & Law of the Muslim World eJournal, Subscribe to this fee journal for more curated articles on this topic, We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. Historically, however, the PPP has been viewed as left-of-center with support from the intelligentsia and the urban and rural poor, while the PML has been right-of-center with support from the urban middle and upper classes, especially businessmen, traders and rural elites. 5 Peace Direct. As Pakistan’s most powerful political interest group, the military can be very effective at blocking reforms that are perceived to be inimical to its interests. This paper provides a description of the recent decentralization reforms in Pakistan under General Musharraf. a clear notion Undertook large scale Nationalization Quality of governance declining for the first time in Pakistan Root cause to the lack of Private sector development in Pakistan . "Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes" (with A. Cheema, LUMS and A. Qadir, Pakistan Administrative Staff College), Decentralization and Local Governance in Developing Countries: A Comparative Perspective, D. Mookherjee and P. Bardhan ed., MIT Press, July 2006. The amalgamation of eight local authorities into one council in Auckland on 1 November 2010 was a complex exercise with implications for the whole country and local government in particular. For reform initiatives to be successful they will need to garner greater support from the key interest groups that have to date been more active in blocking rather than promoting reforms. 47 Retired senior civil servant, interview by author, Lahore, 7 December 2005. 16 Retired senior civil servant, interview by author, Islamabad, 15 December 2005. 39 For a more detailed discussion of the importance of incentives for successful civil service reform, see Nadeem Ul Haque, “Why Civil Service Reforms Do Not Work,” PIDE Working Papers 2007:24 (Islamabad: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, 2007). The study looks at the context under which local governments have existed in Pakistan. Of course, Pakistani politicians also resent the increasing monopolization of power and policymaking by military rulers. Over the course of the past sixty years there have been more than twenty studies on administrative reform prepared by various government committees or commissions (including six since 1996), that have clearly identified the most serious problems.8 Instead, the lack of progress is due primarily to political factors and ineffective political strategies for pushing through reforms. 37 The current quotas are as follows: merit 10%, Punjab 50%, Sindh 19% (Urban 7.6%, Rural 11.4%), Northwest Frontier Province 11.5%, Baluchistan 3.5%, Northern Areas and Federally Administered Tribal Areas 4%, Azad Jammu Kashmir 2%. University of Sindh, Jamshoro Pakistan, Associate Professor Department of Public Administration, Ghulam AKBER Many senior civil service officers welcomed Bhutto’s downfall, as they believed his administrative reforms had undermined their power and independence. In addition the failure of Pakistan’s state institutions to protect the welfare of its citizens, provide adequate social services and promote the rule of law are eroding the legitimacy and stability of the state. It then discusses some of the political factors and interest groups that have contributed to the very limited reform progress to date. Some strategic experts known for their slant against the security policies of the Modi government have declared that the constitution of the State Investigation Agency in J&K to probe into terror-related cases, demonstrated the 'failure' of NIA in dealing . The dominant role of the civil and military bureaucracies, and the dominant role of Punjabis within these bureaucracies, has been a major grievance of other ethnic groups and smaller provinces since Pakistan’s independence. That is why the 7th Global Forum on Reinventing Government focuses on building trust in government. Oxford University Press; New Ed edition (February 6, 2003) Oxford University Press; 2003 p. 79. Governance in Developing Asia is one of the first books of its kind to provide an overview of the role that better governance and citizen empowerment can play in improving public service delivery in developing Asia. With the success of reforms dependent on the continuous backing of key individuals rather than institutions, reform efforts become very vulnerable to shifting priorities. Found inside – Page 174“Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes.” In Decentralization and Local Governance in Developing Countries: A Comparative Perspective, edited by Pranab Bardhan and Dilip Mookherjee, 257–84. Institutional reform is . Pakistan's government inherited the country's adverse macroeconomic situation, which . During the six decades since the departure of the last British colonial administrator, Pakistan’s bureaucratic institutions have remained much stronger than its democratic institutions. During the British period, what became General Ayub Khan's local government system was controlled by the bureaucracy and the deputy commissioner's offices. The economic growth rate has averaged 5 percent annually since 1947—a feat achieved by very few countries. With respect to Pakistan, land reforms, accountability mechanism, effective public participation, local resource generation capacity and role of political parties at grass root level are essential conditions for success of local government system and to . Found inside – Page 289“Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context, Content, and Causes.” In Decentralization and Local Governance in Developing Countries: A Comparative Perspective, edited by Pranab K. Bardhan and Dilip Mookherjee, 381–483. Multidimensional poverty is a factor for homelessness in Pakistan: In 2016, an official report by the Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform was released on multidimensional poverty being a factor in the poverty index, concluding that 39% of Pakistanis are living in multidimensional poverty. Found inside – Page 36Pattan Development Organisation , ( 2006 ) : “ Analysis of Local Government Election 2005 : Common Grounds -1 ... Cheema , Ali , Asim Ijaz , and Adnan Qadir , “ Local Government Reforms in Pakistan : Context , Content and Causes . 15 Senior civil servant, interview by author, Islamabad, 9 December 2005. 10 Zulfigar Ali Bhutto, quoted in W. Eric Gustafson, “Economic Reforms under the Bhutto Regime,” Journal of Asian and African Studies 8 (July-October 1973), 256. The democratically elected members at the local government level represented the community and advocate the interests of the community in the social and economic development of the area. The committee's research agenda has been designed to supplement the work of other groups, particularly the Carnegie Corporation of New York's Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, which issued its final report in December 1997. During President Musharraf’s rule, for example, there was a clear relationship between the slowing down and rolling back of some of his reform initiative, due to his need to broaden political support prior to and following the 2002 presidential referendum and parliamentary elections. According to a former finance secretary, “Civil service reform is reduced to a technical exercise—problems are reduced to boxes and then solutions are found to fit into the boxes. While literature on state capture in other countries is scarce, there is evidence suggesting it is also a problem in developed countries where government and businesses have very close ties and where Found inside – Page 118Decentralization in Pakistan: Context, content and causes. Kennedy School of Government Faculty Working Paper, RWP05-034. ... Local government reforms in Pakistan: Legitimizing centralization or a driver for pro-poor change? Pakistan’s chronic political instability has been another major impediment blocking civil service reform efforts. The perception now is that they have too little power and that the military and politicians have too much power, and that the bureaucracy needs to be strengthened and institutionalized.”. A growing cause for concern is that, as the civilian bureaucracy continues to decay, the administration of state institutions will become increasingly dependent on the capacity of military rather than civilian personnel. the election to local governments and promulgation of a local government ordinance. Available at SSRN: If you need immediate assistance, call 877-SSRNHelp (877 777 6435) in the United States, or +1 212 448 2500 outside of the United States, 8:30AM to 6:00PM U.S. Eastern, Monday - Friday. The military, however, has succeeded in strengthening and consolidating its preeminent position, not only as Pakistan’s strongest bureaucratic institution, but also as its strongest political institution and interest group. The second type of corruption is a corruption that violates. Talbot, Ian. Patronage is the so-called “stuff” of politics in Pakistan, and the most politically important form of patronage is providing jobs in the bureaucracy. Found inside – Page 470Local Governments on Anti-Poverty Targeting', Journal of Globalization and Development, 1(1), BE Press online. ... Cheema, A., A. Khwaja and A. Qadir (2006), 'Local Government Reform in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes', ... Discuss what is meant by reinventing the machinery of government. Recruiting, Training and Retaining “The Best and the Brightest”.
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